New network for groups developing nature-based solutions to extreme climate events
Extreme climate events are severely affecting communities and around the world, and we have plenty of current examples; for example, Australia is currently burning on a scale never previously seen— 14.5 million acres scorched, half a billion animals killed and hundreds of thousands of people displaced.
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission has been used to image the fires. The Sentinel-2 satellites each carry just one instrument – a high-resolution multispectral imager with 13 spectral bands. The smoke, flames and burn scars can be seen clearly in the image shown here, which was captured on December 31, 2019. The large brownish areas depict burned vegetation and provide an idea of the size of the area affected by the fires – the brown ‘strip’ running through the image has a width of approximately 50 km and stretches for at least 100 km along the Australian east coast (Image contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2019), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)
California has seen an increase in deadly wildfires such as the Camp Fire in 2018 (see CRJ 13:3), which became one of the world’s most expensive natural disasters and California’s most destructive — killing 88 people and destroying nearly 18,000 structures.
Flooding on both US coasts and inland has grown owing to extreme weather events and sea-level rise. Deadly hurricanes including Harvey, Maria and Sandy have caused irreparable damage to the communities they encountered.
“The overall challenge is that cities, in particular, are experiencing and will experience an increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events,” says Arizona State University Regents Professor Nancy Grimm. “So, fires, heat waves, flooding, coastal flooding, droughts and so forth — most of these are weather-related events, and whether or not you can attribute any single one of them to climate change, we’re going to see more of them and they are going to be more severe.”
The effects of coastal erosion: Houses in Odessa, Ukraine, succumbing to the sea (Image: Andrii Zhezhera/123rf)
This presents huge challenges for cities and the people who live there because many urban communities exist along coastal areas and rivers or in drylands. Infrastructure such as power lines, water supplies and roads are concentrated in urban areas, making them even more vulnerable to extreme events.
That’s why Grimm, a professor in ASU’s School of Life Sciences, is leading an international effort to develop new solutions for urban resilience — solutions that take advantage of the benefits that nature can provide. As part of a new, five-year, $2M dollar grant funded by the National Science Foundation, Grimm, along with co-principal investigator Timon McPhearson, director of the Urban Systems Lab at The New School in New York, will be crafting new ways to connect networks around the world that are working to create sustainable and resilient cities.
“We are developing NATURA, which is an international network of networks. I will focus particularly on the international work in Europe, China, Australia and Africa,” McPhearson says. NATURA, which stands for ‘Nature-based solutions for Urban Resilience in the Anthropocene,’ will link early-career scholars and practitioners who are working on solutions for climate change resilience around the world. “We will create opportunities to share knowledge from one region or city with another,” she adds. Grimm will lead the North American node, while co-principal investigator Elizabeth Cook of Barnard College will lead the Latin American node.
According to McPhearson, one of the main challenges will be that these networks will have their own goals, challenges and missions. Initially, the team will bring the core networks together to brainstorm where interests and expertise can be aligned. Then, working groups will be created that will be tasked with digging more deeply into specific areas.
Grimm says that much of NATURA’s framework will be focused on merging ecological, social and technological solutions to extreme climate issues. “This framework grew from our work in the Urban Resilience to Extremes Sustainability Research Network (UREx SRN),” she explaiins. UREx SRN, co-directed by Grimm and ASU sustainability Professor Charles Redman, is the founding network for NATURA.
“Often, nature-based solutions are thought of as being strictly ecological, but they are always going to have technological and social elements,” Grimm notes. Additionally, solutions that might work in one part of the world or one part of the country, would not be appropriate for others. “We have different extreme event challenges. For example, here in Arizona, we would think about extreme heat and flooding. In New York, we think about sea level rise compounded with coastal storms. And how we think about applying nature-based solutions in a massive slum that might have 20 per cent of the population in a large city in Africa, for example, is totally different than adding green infrastructure in Portland, Oregon.”
McPhearson adds that one of the biggest challenges for implementing nature-based solutions is that climate change is ramping up quickly.
“If nations meet their targets under the Paris Agreement, we are still on track for a much warmer world — potentially three degrees Celsius or warmer,” he says. “That poses dramatic and even existential challenges for cities from rising temperatures, sea level rise and coastal storms, and changing rainfall patterns that produce drought and extreme flooding. Nature-based solutions are not being implemented at the scale of the challenge we face currently, nor the coming future of climate-driven extreme events. It’s critical to advance our scientific understanding of just how effective nature-based solutions may or may not be.”
The NATURA project includes 26 networks across five global regions. The researchers will develop an online database to co-ordinate information exchange and build the data and informatics for cross-city comparisons. This will be a key tool for both individuals and groups of researchers to contribute to the project.
This research is funded by National Science Foundation grants. Participating networks include: African Centre for Cities; BiophilicCities; Centre for Urban Transitions; Connecting Nature; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; European Forum on Urban Forestry; European Long-Term Ecological Research network (eLTER); Enable; Envision; Future Earth; The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); National Capital Project; Naturvation; International LTER network (ILTER); The UNESCO Chair on Sustainability; The UNESCO European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology; The Nature of Cities; The Nature Conservancy; Urban Sustainability Directors Network; U.S. LTER Network; Urban Water Innovation Network Sustainability Research Network (UWIN SRN); The Urban Resilience to Extremes SRN; VIVA-PLAN; ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability; and RECNET.